China is the largest vegetable producer and consumer, and the growth rate of vegetable cultivatio is higher than the world average. According to the National Bureau of Statistics, In 2016, the national vegetable planting area was about 22 million hectares. Among them, greenhouse vegetables are 5 million h㎡,
Vegetable production is about 800 million tons, The planting area and output account for more than 40% and 50% of the world's total, respectively.
China's vegetable mechanization is currently in the initial stage, with a comprehensive mechanization level of less than 30%. Plain open field vegetables benefited from the development foundation of field machinery in the early stage in fertilization, soil preparation, sowing, plant protection and irrigation etc., and the degree of mechanization was relatively high.
Due to the limited operating environment of facility vegetables, large-scale agricultural machinery generally has the problems of "difficult to walk, difficult to enter, difficult to cultivate on the side, difficult to drop the head, and difficult to achieve high efficiency", and only a few small agricultural machinery can carry out operations.
As the leading industry of high-efficiency agriculture, facility vegetables are an important symbol of modern agriculture. The planting area accounts for 1/4 of the total area of vegetables, and it is increasing year by year. There is an urgent need for mechanization. Therefore, flexible and practical small agricultural machinery has broad application prospects in the production of facility vegetables.
01 Application Status of Small Agricultural Machinery in Vegetable Production
In recent years, under the premise of the rapid development of agriculture, small agricultural machinery has also developed rapidly, and a large number of small and medium-sized enterprises are competing with each other. At present, there are more than 200 agricultural machinery production enterprises of a certain scale in China, and there are thousands of agricultural machinery. Among them, small-scale operation machinery covers the whole process of vegetable production such as basal fertilizer application, ploughing, planting, irrigation, harvesting, plant protection and environmental regulation.
However, in 2013, the situation is similar, that is, in the past three years, the development of vegetable mechanization in China has not achieved obvious results. Based on many investigations and demonstrations of vegetable mechanization promotion, there are several problems in the application of small agricultural machinery in vegetable production in China.
1.1 Low degree of specialization of machinery and tools
Vegetable production requires intensive cultivation, and must meet the agronomic requirements of different vegetable varieties. The quality requirements of machinery and tools are relatively high, and some machinery and tools even need to be individually developed and customized. However, China's small-scale agricultural machinery manufacturers focus on corporate benefits, and it is difficult to carry out independent research and development for vegetable planting requirements.
1.2 Insufficient promotion and demonstration of complete sets of equipment
The educational level of agricultural producers is generally low, the level of organization and industrialization is not high, and the channels for obtaining agricultural-related information are limited. Faced with the scale of the base and production demand, it is difficult to rationally optimize the configuration of various types of machinery and tools in the market.
1.3 The agricultural machinery extension system is not perfect
Although agricultural machinery subsidies have been increased year by year, the support policies and subsidy ratios in each province are different, resulting in some small agricultural machinery suitable for the characteristics of facility vegetables and urgent needs for agricultural development not included in the ministry and provincial subsidy catalogues. The profit margin of agricultural production is low, and in the absence of financial subsidies, farmers often appear powerless in the face of expensive agricultural machinery.
02 Application characteristics of small agricultural machinery in facility vegetable production
Vegetable production mainly includes fertilization, land preparation, irrigation, plant protection, transplanting, sowing, harvesting and environmental regulation. From the perspective of the mechanization development of each production link of facility vegetables, the application of small agricultural machinery has different characteristics.
2.1 Base fertilizer spreading machinery
There are mainly two types of base fertilizer spreading machines: centrifugal disc type and turning type. At present, the small-scale base fertilizer spreading machines that are popularized and applied are mainly hand-held ones, which are used for the spreading of granular fertilizers and powder fertilizers. Due to the extensive nature of basal fertilizer application, high labor efficiency and low labor intensity, agricultural producers seldom buy basal fertilizer application machinery, and they are rarely used in production. The mechanization level of facility vegetable base fertilizer application is less than 5%.
2.2 Tillage and soil preparation machinery
Small-scale tillage and land preparation machines include micro-tillers, trenchers, ridge machines, and pastoral management machines. Among them, high-end multi-functional pastoral management machines have begun to be used in economically developed areas, which can complete rotary tillage, ridge raising, and film mulching at one time. And according to the agronomic requirements of vegetable planting, the application of specialized fine soil preparation equipment is promoted. The mechanization level of facility vegetable cultivation and land preparation is above 70%.
2.3 Irrigation and plant protection machinery
Water-saving irrigation for facility vegetables includes various forms such as sprinkler irrigation, drip irrigation, micro-irrigation, water and fertilizer integration, etc., and has low requirements on the operating environment. At present, large-scale facility vegetable production bases are equipped with different levels of water-saving irrigation systems. In terms of small plant protection machinery, manual sprayers, electrostatic sprayers and motorized sprayers are used more frequently. Equipment such as solar insecticidal lamps and sexual attractants have been popularized, and the promotion and application of small plant protection aircraft has gradually become effective. The mechanization level of irrigation and plant protection is over 80%.
2.4 Planting machinery
Small planting machinery mainly includes seedling seeding, direct seeding and transplanting machinery. Nursery planters are mostly air-suction type, which can be divided into three types: needle suction type, drum type and cover plate type according to the different seed suction components. They are usually combined with soil loading device, matrix filling device, soil covering device and watering device. , General seedling factories and large-scale farms are basically complete.
Small direct seeding machines are mainly mechanical socket wheel seeders. There are two types: walk-behind and rear-hanging ridge machines. The minimum row spacing for sowing is 6 cm, which is not suitable for dense planting operations.
Small-scale transplanting machines include duckbill type, clamp type, seedling guide tube type and flexible disc type. Among them, the semi-automatic duckbill type transplanter has relatively stable performance and has been used in Shandong, Northeast China and Guizhou. There is a certain area of production and application, and the automatic transplanter has only sporadic development and is still in the experimental stage. The level of planting mechanization is about 15%.
2.5 Harvesting machinery
There are mainly two types of small harvesting machines: reciprocating cutter type and band saw type, which can be used for harvesting leafy vegetables such as chickweed, chrysanthemum and spinach, and leeks. The machinery and tools are mainly imported from abroad, and the quality requirements for land preparation are relatively high. It is necessary to introduce supporting machinery for land preparation, and the operation cost is relatively high. At present, vegetable harvesting machinery is mainly based on promotion and demonstration, and the mechanization level is about 5%.
2.6 Environmental regulation
Environmental regulation is mainly aimed at the five environmental factors of temperature, light, air, water and soil in the facility, including heating, insulation, cooling, supplementary light, ventilation, carbon dioxide increase, ozone disinfection, substrate treatment, soil disinfection and other aspects of equipment.
Different facility structure types are equipped with different environmental control equipment according to actual needs. Among them, heating, cooling and ventilation equipment are widely used, and the mechanization level of environmental control is about 25%.
03 Effective ways to improve the application of small agricultural machinery in facility vegetable production
To improve the application of small agricultural machinery in the production of facility vegetables, it is necessary to carry out large-scale and standardized production based on the special operating environment of facility vegetables and the actual type of facility structure. Adhere to the improvement of economic benefits as the center, market-oriented, improve the level of agricultural mechanization operations and mechanical equipment, so that the role of agricultural machinery in agricultural production can be maximized.
3.1 Develop standardized operation mode
There are many varieties of vegetables in China. There are more than 150 kinds of vegetables in 14 categories produced every year. The operation modes are diverse and the agronomic requirements are complex. In order to improve the adaptability of small agricultural machinery in vegetable production and improve the operation efficiency and quality, it is necessary to standardize and standardize the vegetable planting mode, and formulate corresponding operating technical specifications and production regulations, and mechanization must be based on standardization.
3.2 Optimizing the type of facility structure
The types of facilities in China are becoming more and more diverse, including small arch sheds, large and medium sheds, energy-saving solar greenhouses, ordinary solar greenhouses, heated greenhouses, and multi-span greenhouses, but there are no structural types suitable for mechanized operations. Focusing on the problems of "difficulty in walking, difficult to enter the door, difficult to plough on the side, difficult to drop the head, and difficult to achieve high efficiency" in mechanical operation, it is necessary to re-optimize and rationally arrange the existing design structure types.
3.3 Strengthen the integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy
The in-depth integration of agricultural machinery and agronomy is the key prerequisite for improving operational efficiency and reducing agricultural production costs. The agronomic department should strengthen the research on vegetable cultivation technology innovation, develop new varieties and new agronomy that are conducive to mechanized operation, and create conditions for mechanized operation and intensive production; the agricultural machinery department should take into account the particularity of vegetable cultivation technical requirements according to the needs of facility agricultural mechanization. , to accelerate the integration and innovation of vegetable mechanization technology, and improve the level of vegetable agricultural mechanization equipment and scientific and technological content.
No comments:
Post a Comment